openSUSE作为一款流行的Linux操作系统，其包管理工具zypper也备受用户青睐。zypper提供了丰富的命令和选项，可以方便地管理软件包、更新系统、添加源等。然而，许多用户对zypper命令并不熟悉，导致在使用过程中遇到了各种问题。因此，本文将介绍一些zypper命令的使用方法和示例，帮助读者轻松管理他们的openSUSE系统。
I. 用zypper管理软件包
1. 安装包
语法： # zypper install 示例：安装Mozilla firefox
[root@linuxprobe ~]# zypper install MozillaFirefox
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...
The following NEW packages are going to be installed:
MozillaFirefox MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED
The following packages are not supported by their vendor:
MozillaFirefox MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED
2 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 964.0 KiB. After the operation, additional 3.4 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
Retrieving package MozillaFirefox-3.6.16-0.2.1.x86_64 (1/2), 949.0 KiB (3.4 MiB unpacked)
Retrieving: MozillaFirefox-3.6.16-0.2.1.x86_64.rpm [done]
Installing: MozillaFirefox-3.6.16-0.2.1 [done]
Retrieving package MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED-3.5-
1.1.5.x86_64 (2/2), 15.0 KiB (34.0 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED-3.5-1.1.5.x86_64.rpm [done]
Installing: MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED-3.5-1.1.5 [done]
2. 安装源码包
语法：# zypper source-install 示例：从库中安装 apache
[root@linuxprobe ~]# zypper source-install apache2-mod_nss
Reading installed packages...
Loading repository data...
Resolving package dependencies...
Retrieving package mozilla-nss-devel-3.12.8-
1.2.1.x86_64 (2/3), 473.0 KiB (2.6 MiB unpacked)
Retrieving: mozilla-nss-devel-3.12.8-1.2.1.x86_64.rpm [done]
Installing: mozilla-nss-devel-3.12.8-1.2.1 [done]
Retrieving: apache2-mod_nss-1.0.8-17.5.src.rpm [done]
3. 更新包
更新某一软件包： # zypper update 更新所有软件包： # zypper update
查看所有可用的更新列表：# zypper list-updates
4. 删除包
语法：# zypper remove 示例：移除Mozilla Firefox
[root@linuxprobe ~]# zypper remove MozillaFirefox
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...
The following packages are going to be REMOVED:
MozillaFirefox MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED
2 packages to remove.
After the operation, 3.4 MiB will be freed.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
Removing MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED-3.5-1.1.5 [done]
Removing MozillaFirefox-3.6.16-0.2.1 [done]
5. 查找包
语法：# zypper search 示例：查找所有usb开头的软件包
[root@linuxprobe ~]# zypper search usb*
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name | Summary
| Type
--+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
+--------
| usb_modeswitch | A mode switching tool for controlling multiple-device USB gear
| package
| usb_modeswitch-data | A mode switching tool for controlling multiple-device USB gear
| package
| usbip-devel | Headers and static libraries
| package
i | usbutils | Tools and libraries for USB devices
| package
6. 查看软件包详情
语法： zypper info 示例：查看usbutils的信息
[root@linuxprobe ~]# zypper info usbutils
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Information for package usbutils:
Repository: LINUXPROBE
Name: usbutils
Version: 0.73-38.19
Arch: x86_64
Vendor: SUSE LINUX Products GmbH, Nuernberg, Germany
Support Level: unknown
Installed: Yes
Status: up-to-date
Installed Size: 461.0 KiB
Summary: Tools and libraries for USB devices
Description:
This package contains a utility for inspecting devices connected to USB
ports.
It requires kernel version 2.3.99-pre7 or newer, or the USB backport
which was introduced in 2.2.18 (supporting the /proc/bus/usb
interface).
7. 打补丁
查看所有可打补丁: zypper patches
安装指定补丁：zypper patch
8. 锁住包
软件包被锁之后将不能被移除或升级，下面演示一下如何加锁
1）加al选项锁住包文件“usbutils”, al 是 add lock的缩写
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper al usbutils
Specified lock has been successfully added.
\2) 加ll选项查看所有已被锁住的软件包, ll 是 List Locks的缩写
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper ll
# | Name | Type | Repository
--+-----------------+---------+-----------
1 | usbutils | package | (any)
9. 解锁包
加rl选项解锁usbutils, rl 是 remove lock的缩写
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper rl usbutils
1 lock has been successfully removed.
[root@linuxprobe ~]# zypper ll
There are no package locks defined.
II. 用zypper管理仓库
10. 用zypper添加库
语法：# zypper addrepo
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper addrepo --check --refresh --name "Mozilla-
repo" http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/SLE_11/ "Mozillarepo"
Adding repository 'Mozilla-repo' [done]
Repository 'Mozilla-repo' successfully added
Enabled: Yes
Autorefresh: Yes
URI: http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/SLE_11/
11. 创建本地库
我们可以使用zypper从本地目录中创建一个包含所有rpm文件的本地库
语法： # zypper addrepo
示例：创建一个名为Linuxprobe_Repo的本地目录，包含所有rpm文件
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper addrepo /var/stormgt/dsminst Linuxprobe_Repo
Adding repository 'Linuxprobe_Repo' [done]
Repository 'Linuxprobe_Repo' successfully added
Enabled: Yes
Autorefresh: No
URI: dir:///var/stormgt/dsminst
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper search --repo Linuxprobe_Repo
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name | Summary | Type
--+-------------+-----------------------------------------+--------
i | TIVsm-API | the API | package
i | TIVsm-API64 | the API | package
i | TIVsm-BA | the Backup Archive Client | package
i | gskcrypt32 | IBM GSKit Cryptography Runtime | package
i | gskcrypt64 | IBM GSKit Cryptography Runtime | package
i | gskssl32 | IBM GSKit SSL Runtime With Acme Toolkit | package
i | gskssl64 | IBM GSKit SSL Runtime With Acme Toolkit | package
注：你也可以通过此命令添加NFS或FTP路径
12. 查看库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper lr
# | Alias
| Name | Enabled | Refresh
--+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------
---------------------+---------+--------
1 | Mozillarepo | Mozilla-repo | Yes | Yes
2 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP1 11.1.1-1.152 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-
SP1 11.1.1-1.152 | Yes | Yes
查看repo完整的URI：
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper lr --
uri
# | Alias
| Name
| Enabled | Refresh | URI
--+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------
-----------------------------+---------+---------+---------------------------------
-------------------------
1 | Mozillarepo | Mozilla-
repo | Yes | Yes | http://download.ope
nsuse.org/repositories/mozilla/SLE_11/
2 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP1 11.1.1-1.152 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11
-SP1 11.1.1-1.152 | Yes | Yes | http://19.106.65.64/FUSELinux/600RC0
13. 在库中搜索包
列出指定库Mozillarepo的所有软件包
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper search --repo Mozillarepo
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name | Summary
| Type
--+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------
----------------------------------+-----------
i | MozillaFirefox | Mozilla Firefox Web Browser
| package
i | MozillaFirefox-branding-SLED | SLED branding of MozillaFirefox
| package
| MozillaFirefox-branding-openSUSE | openSUSE branding of MozillaFirefox
| package
| MozillaFirefox-branding-openSUSE | openSUSE branding of MozillaFirefox
| srcpackage
14. 库重命名
重命名库可以用 renamerepo 选项
示例：将库”Linuxprobe_Repo”的名字改成”MyLinuxRepo”
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper renamerepo Linuxprobe_Repo MyLinuxRepo
Repository 'Linuxprobe_Repo' renamed to 'MyLinuxRepo'.
15. 删除库
用removerepo选项来移除库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper removerepo MyLinuxRepo
Removing repository 'MyLinuxRepo' [done]
Repository 'MyLinuxRepo has been removed.
16. 备份库
用export选项可以备份一系列库文件
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper lr --export /var/tmp/backup.repo
Repositories have been successfully exported to /var/tmp/backup.repo.
17. 从备份文件中添加库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper addrepo /var/tmp/backup.rep
18. 禁用/使用库
示例： 用 modifyrepo 选项的 -d 参数来禁用Mozilla库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper modifyrepo -d Mozillarepo
Repository 'Mozillarepo' has been successfully disabled.
示例： 用 modifyrepo选项 -e 参数来允许使用Mozilla库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper modifyrepo -e Mozillarepo
Repository 'Mozillarepo' has been successfully enabled.
19. 刷新库
示例： 刷新Mozilla库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper refresh Mozillarepo
Repository 'Mozilla-repo' is up to date.
Specified repositories have been refreshed.
示例： 自动刷新指定库
[root@linuxprobe ~] # zypper modifyrepo --refresh Linuxprobe_Repo
Autorefresh has been enabled for repository 'Linuxprobe_Repo'.
在本文中，我们介绍了zypper命令的一些使用方法和示例。通过学习这些命令，您可以更加方便地管理openSUSE系统，如安装/卸载软件包、更新系统、添加/删除源等。此外，我们还提供了一些实用的技巧，如如何查询软件包信息、如何解决依赖关系等，希望能够帮助您更好地使用zypper命令。
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